Violent conflict in Indonesia is in need of serious theoretical and policy attention. A New belief that conflict has de-escalated in Indonesia has crept into popular and policy circles. However, it is not clear whether the movement towards de-escalation is cyclical or permanent. Nor is it clear that newer forms of conflict will not erupt in Indonesia. Comparative theory and evidence indicate that violence often reappears in the areas that previously has acute conflict. Theory also suggest that unless suitable institutions or policies are imaginatively devised and put in placed, a multiethnic or multireligious society is vulnerable to the possibility of long-run violent conflict. A careful examination of Indonesia's recent history of conflict, and forms and pattern present today, is vital for ascertaining current risk. As the Indonesian government and society seek to consolidate the democracy gains of the past decade, understanding violent conflict is of upmost importance.